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Mushrooms a kingdom of nature uniting eukaryotic organisms that combine some features of both plants and animals. Mushrooms studying science mycology which is considered the section of botany as previously mushrooms attributed to the plant kingdom.

In a narrow sense in terms of biological systematics mushrooms taxon one of the kingdoms of nature. In the old more broadly the term taxon loses significance and denotes ecological and trophic group uniting heterotrophic eukaryotic osmotrofnym type of food. Such organisms tradition continues to study mycology.

Very large biological and ecological diversity of fungi. This is one of the largest and most diverse group of living organisms has become an integral part of all aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. According to the current estimates the world there are between 100 and 250,000 and by some estimates up to 1.5 million species of fungi. As of 2008 in the kingdom Fungi described 36 classes 140 orders 560 families 8283 of used generic names and 5101 generic synonym 97,861 views.

The role of fungi in nature and in the human economy can not be overestimated. Fungi are present in all biological niches in the water and on land in soil and on all sorts of other substrates. As decomposers they play an important role in the ecology of the entire biosphere decomposing various organic materials and contributing to the formation of fertile soils. The role of fungi as the parties mutually beneficial symbiotic communities. Known symbiotic relationships of fungi with higher plants mycorrhiza with algae and cyanobacteria lichens with insects and representatives of the order neokallimastigovyh a mandatory component of the digestive system of ruminants and some other herbivorous mammals they play an important role in the digestion of plant foods.

Many species of mushrooms are widely used by man in food household and medical purposes. Dishes from edible fungi is traditionally included in the national cuisine of many nations of the world. In many countries the development of industrial cultivation of edible fungi the production of materials for mushroom lovers. Microscopic fungi used in the food industry for the beverage preparation process of fermentation the fermentation of various food products. Mushrooms one of the most important objects of biotechnology applied to the production of antibiotics and other medicines some of the chemicals used in the food industry and for technical purposes.

On the other hand mushrooms may be applied and considerable damage. Phytopathogenic fungi in undisturbed natural ecosystems are usually not harmful can cause epiphytotics in agricultural plantations tree plantations and forests where economic activity is carried out. In animals and humans fungi cause skin diseases and sometimes the destruction of the internal organs. It is very dangerous and can lead to fatal poisoning poisonous mushrooms and mycotoxicoses food poisoning infected toxins microscopic fungi. Significant damage causes deterioration caused by fungi of various products and materials.

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